Which of the following is illegal under federal labor law?

A) Closed shops.
B) Agency shops.
C) Union shops.
D) State right-to-work laws.

Federal Labor Law

Laws established by the federal government to regulate the relationship between employees, employers, and unions.

Closed Shops

describes workplaces that require employees to be members of a specific labor union both before and during their employment, a practice now largely illegal in the U.S.

Agency Shops

Workplaces where employees must pay union dues regardless of their membership status, often found in collective bargaining agreements.