Resistance to organizational change may be caused by:

A) employee perceptions that the new conditions have higher costs and fewer benefits for them.
B) the psychological cost of uncertainty about the personal risks involved in the change.
C) employees wanting to prove that change effort won't work because they dislike the change agent or the action is contrary to their recommendations.
D) All of these may cause resistance to change.
E) None of these causes resistance to change.

Psychological Cost

Psychological cost encompasses the mental and emotional strain or stress that individuals might incur as a result of their work environment or job demands.

Employee Perceptions

Employee perceptions represent how employees view or interpret actions, policies, and the overall environment within their workplace, which can significantly impact morale and productivity.

Organizational Change

The process through which companies undertake modifications to their structures, strategies, processes, or cultures to adapt to internal and external challenges.