According to expectancy theory, managers can influence workers' __________ by selecting people with proper abilities, training them well, providing them the needed resources, and identifying clear performance goals.

A) expectancies
B) instrumentalities
C) reinforcers
D) valences
E) inducements

Expectancies are the degree to which individuals believe that their efforts will lead to a desired level of performance. Managers can influence these expectancies by selecting people with proper abilities, training them well, providing them the needed resources, and identifying clear performance goals. Therefore, option A is the correct answer. The other options - B) instrumentalities, C) reinforcers, D) valences, and E) inducements - relate to other elements of expectancy theory.