Which of the following is a limitation of the transformational perspective of leadership?

A) It focuses too much on how leaders improve organizational efficiency.
B) It is typically presented as a universal rather than contingency perspective.
C) Researchers tend to define transformational leaders in terms of their success, rather than by whether they engage in specific behaviors.
D) All of the above.
E) Both 'B' and 'C' are limitations of the transformational perspective.

Option B is a limitation because the transformational perspective is often presented as a universal theory of leadership rather than as a contingency theory that is situational and depends on particular circumstances. Option C is a limitation because researchers have often defined transformational leadership in terms of outcomes rather than specific behaviors, which can make it difficult to identify the real causes of success. Option A is not a limitation of the transformational perspective, as this approach seeks to improve efficiency and effectiveness, although it may not be the only goal. Option D is incorrect because Option A is not a limitation. Therefore, the best choice is E.