Which element of the expectancy theory is measured in a range from 0 to +1?

A) expectancy
B) instrumentality
C) effort
D) valence

Range

denotes the extent or scope of something, often referring to the difference between the highest and lowest values in a set of data or the variety within a category.

Expectancy

In the context of motivation, it is the belief that one's effort will result in attainment of desired performance goals.

Instrumentality

In the context of motivation, the belief that a particular level of performance will lead to the attainment of desired outcomes.