A new HR manager is stunned when the owner of the company visits her one afternoon and proceeds to go through a laundry list of everything that is wrong with each of his employees. He characterizes them as lazy, unwilling to put forth any extra effort, and largely "in it for themselves." She has just learned that the owner of the business subscribes to:

A) Theory X.
B) Theory Y.
C) Theory Z.
D) Type A personality.

Theory X

A management theory assuming that employees are inherently lazy and will avoid work if they can, implying that a strict control and supervision are necessary.

Type A Personality

A temperament characterized by high levels of competitiveness, self-motivation, aggressiveness, impatience, and a sense of urgency, often linked to stress and achievement in careers.

Competitive Advantage

The attribute that allows an organization to outperform its competitors, leading to greater sales or margins and/or retaining more customers.