Which one of the following combinations of principles has been used to define abnormality?

A) diagnosis by an expert, presence of personal distress, evidence of poor emotional control
B) presence of personal distress, delinquent activity, poor emotional control
C) violation of norms, abnormal intellectual functioning, presence of personal distress
D) infrequency, presence of personal distress, impaired functioning
E) psychiatric diagnosis, harmful dysfunction, abnormal intellectual functioning

The combination of infrequency (statistical rarity), presence of personal distress, and impaired functioning have been used to define abnormality. This is known as the three Ds: dysfunction, distress, and deviance. Infrequency refers to behavior that is statistically rare, meaning that it occurs less frequently than most other behaviors. Presence of personal distress refers to behavior that causes distress or suffering to the individual. Impaired functioning refers to behavior that interferes with the person's ability to carry out daily activities, such as work or relationships.