Which of the following techniques would be most appropriate for treating nail-biting or smoking?

A) flooding
B) systematic desensitization
C) aversion therapy
D) token economy

Aversion therapy involves pairing a maladaptive behavior with an unpleasant stimulus in order to decrease the likelihood of the behavior occurring again in the future. This technique would be appropriate for treating nail-biting or smoking, as the unpleasant stimulus could be something like a bitter-tasting substance or an electric shock, which would create a negative association with the behavior. Flooding and systematic desensitization are more appropriate for treating anxiety disorders, while token economy is typically used in behavioral interventions for children with disruptive behaviors.