Which of the following is true according to the cognitive appraisal approach to stress?

A) Emotions such as fear and rage cause the fight-or-flight response in individuals.
B) Stress is mostly determined by an individual's perception.
C) Confusing and conflicting expectations of a person in a social role create stress for that person.
D) The discrepancy between the idealized self and the self-image creates stress in individuals.

Cognitive Appraisal

The process by which an individual evaluates and interprets an event or experience and its significance to their well-being.

Fight-or-Flight

A physiological response to perceived harmful events, attacks, or threats to survival, initiating a choice to confront or retreat from the situation.

Self-Image

An individual's mental and conceptual understanding of themselves, including beliefs about one's abilities, appearance, and personality.