The observation that people often seek stimulation and that not all motives are aroused by internal states contradicts the _______ theory of motivation.

A) incentive
B) drive-reduction
C) Gestalt
D) cognitive

The drive-reduction theory of motivation suggests that motivation arises from the need to reduce internal states such as hunger or thirst. This theory cannot fully explain why people seek out activities that do not directly reduce these internal states, suggesting that the correct answer is B. Incentive theory, on the other hand, suggests that motivation arises from external rewards or stimuli that we are attracted to, which is more consistent with the observation that people seek stimulation. The Gestalt theory emphasizes how people are motivated by the desire to achieve wholes or meaningful patterns. Finally, cognitive theories suggest that motivation arises from the way we think and interpret our experiences.