Studies have suggested that positive self-regard may not be as prevalent in collectivist cultures,such as in Japan,as it is in the United States.

Collectivist cultures tend to prioritize the group over the individual, and therefore may not place as much emphasis on individual positive self-regard. Studies have shown that Japanese individuals, for example, may focus more on relational harmony and social connectedness rather than individual achievement or self-promotion, which can impact their levels of self-esteem and self-worth.