Research conducted by Dr.Scot Wortley of the University of Toronto revealed that the stop-and-search practices of police officers in Kingston, Ontario, resulted in black people being four times more likely to be stopped than white people.Which concept is explored by this research?

A) overt racism
B) racial profiling
C) tokenism
D) shadeism

Racial Profiling

The unjust practice of targeting individuals for suspicion of crime based on their race, ethnicity, religion, or national origin.

Stop-and-Search

Police practice of stopping individuals and searching them for weapons, illegal substances, or other contraband without a warrant.

Scot Wortley

A Canadian criminologist known for his research on race, crime, and the criminal justice system, particularly in the context of racial profiling and discrimination.