Outline Merton's strain theory of deviance and crime.

Merton's strain theory of deviance and crime, also known as anomie theory, suggests that individuals turn to deviant behavior when they are unable to achieve socially accepted goals through legitimate means. Merton argued that society puts pressure on individuals to achieve success and material wealth, but not everyone has the means to do so. This creates a strain between the goals society sets and the means available to achieve them.

Merton identified five possible ways that individuals can adapt to this strain. Conformity involves accepting both the goals and the means to achieve them. Innovation involves accepting the goals but using illegitimate means to achieve them, such as through crime. Ritualism involves rejecting the goals but continuing to use the legitimate means, while retreatism involves rejecting both the goals and the means, often leading to a withdrawal from society. Finally, rebellion involves rejecting the goals and means of society and replacing them with new ones.

According to Merton, individuals who are unable to achieve success through legitimate means may turn to deviant behavior as a way to achieve their goals. This theory has been influential in understanding the relationship between social structure and crime, as it highlights the role of societal pressures and opportunities in shaping individual behavior.