In research studies,dogs that were able to escape electric shocks experienced

A) emotion-focused coping.
B) personal control.
C) biofeedback.
D) an external locus of control.

Dogs that were able to escape electric shocks experienced personal control, which means they believed their actions had an impact on the situation, leading to feelings of empowerment and reduced stress. Option A is incorrect because emotion-focused coping refers to managing one's emotions in response to stress, while personal control refers to beliefs about one's ability to affect outcomes. Option C is incorrect because biofeedback is a technique used to control bodily functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing through monitoring and altering physiological responses. Option D is incorrect because an external locus of control refers to the belief that outside forces or luck determine one's life outcomes and is not related to the dogs' ability to escape electric shocks.