In part, gender roles are shaped by the power of rewards and punishment, which are the key processes in

A) operant conditioning.
B) classical conditioning.
C) observational learning.
D) social constructionism.

Operant conditioning involves learning through the consequences of behaviors, including rewards and punishment. Gender roles can be shaped by rewards and punishment based on whether a person's behavior aligns with societal expectations for their gender. Classical conditioning involves learning through the pairing of stimuli, observational learning involves learning through observing the behaviors of others, and social constructionism is a theoretical framework for understanding how concepts like gender are constructed and reinforced through social institutions and practices. While all of these processes may be relevant to the shaping of gender roles, operant conditioning's emphasis on rewards and punishment makes it the best choice for this question.