Gender-role socialization occurs through 

A) self-socialization.
B) observational learning.
C) reinforcement and punishment.
D) all of these.

Gender-role socialization occurs through a combination of self-socialization, observational learning, and reinforcement and punishment. Self-socialization refers to individuals actively seeking out and adopting gender roles and behaviors, while observational learning involves observing and imitating gender-related behaviors from others in their environment. Reinforcement and punishment are used to shape and reinforce gender-typical behavior, with positive reinforcement for conforming behavior and negative reinforcement or punishment for non-conforming behavior. Therefore, all of these factors play a role in gender-role socialization.