Electric shock, scoldings, and bad grades are:

A) secondary reinforcers.
B) primary reinforcers.
C) aversive stimuli.
D) conditioned stimuli.

Electric shock, scoldings, and bad grades are all examples of aversive stimuli, which means that they are unpleasant or unwanted and are used to decrease the likelihood of a behavior. Aversive stimuli are not considered reinforcers, whether primary or secondary. Conditioned stimuli, on the other hand, are a neutral stimulus that is paired with a primary or secondary reinforcer to become associated with it and eventually elicit the same response.