Which of the following was the most effective means by which reform associations of the 1830s and 1840s spread their message?

A) Rallies in major northern cities
B) Gatherings in the private homes of urban residents
C) Itinerant preachers
D) Mass production and distribution of newspapers and pamphlets

Reform Associations

Groups or organizations formed with the intent of advocating for changes and improvements in social, political, or economic conditions.

Itinerant Preachers

Individuals who travel from place to place to preach, often without a permanent church or congregation.

Pamphlets

Brief printed publications, often unbound, that provide information or argue a point on particular subjects.