Which of the following was NOT described as an essential theme for effective leadership?

A) strengthen the collective identity of followers
B) rely on followers to interpret events
C) promote social justice and morality
D) encourage and facilitate collective learning

Collective Identity

The shared sense of belonging to a group that influences one’s sense of self in relation to others within the same group.

Social Justice

An ideal condition in which all members of a society have the same basic rights, protection, opportunities, obligations, and social benefits.

Collective Learning

The process through which a group, organization, or society accumulates knowledge and skills from shared experiences over time.