Which of the following physiological measures have not been used to study arousal?

A) Heart rate
B) Respiration
C) Galvanic skin responses
D) Body temperature

Respiration

The biological process involving the inhalation of oxygen and the exhalation of carbon dioxide, essential for sustaining life and cellular function.

Galvanic Skin Responses

Physiological reaction that measures the electrical resistance of the skin, which changes with emotional states.

Arousal

A state of heightened physiological activity, typically with an emphasis on alertness and readiness to respond.