Which of the following is NOT among the shortcomings of instinct approaches to motivation?

A) Instinct approaches can account only for physiological motivations, not psychological ones.
B) Instinct theorists identified too many different instincts for the theory to be useful.
C) Instinct theorists disagreed on the precise instincts guiding behavior.
D) Instinct approaches merely describe behavior; they fail to explain it.

Instinct approaches to motivation were criticized for various reasons, but the claim that they can account only for physiological motivations and not psychological ones is not accurate. Instinct theories often attempted to explain both physiological and psychological aspects of behavior, although they were criticized for other reasons such as failing to explain behavior beyond simply labeling it (D), identifying too many instincts (B), and lacking agreement on specific instincts (C).