Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for postpartum depressive symptoms?

A) Marital dissatisfaction.
B) Hormones that only affect birth mothers.
C) Past depression.
D) High stress levels.

Postpartum Depressive

A form of depression that can affect women after giving birth, characterized by sadness, fatigue, and emotional withdrawal.

Hormones

Biologically active substances produced by the body's glands that regulate growth, metabolism, and body function.

Marital Dissatisfaction

Feelings of unhappiness and discontent within a marriage, often leading to conflict and potential separation.