Which of the following is not a product cost under variable costing?

A) Direct materials.
B) Fixed manufacturing overhead.
C) Direct labor.
D) Variable manufacturing overhead.
E) All variable manufacturing costs.

Fixed Manufacturing Overhead

The consistent, indirect costs associated with manufacturing that do not vary with the level of production, such as rent, insurance, and salaries of permanent staff.

Variable Costing

A costing method that includes only variable production costs (direct materials, direct labor, and variable overhead) in product costs, excluding fixed overhead.