Which of the following is NOT a defining characteristic of antisocial personality disorder?

A) manipulation
B) confused identity
C) impulsivity
D) aggression

Confused identity is not a defining characteristic of antisocial personality disorder. Antisocial personality disorder is characterized by a long-term pattern of manipulation, violation of others, impulsivity, and aggression, but not by confused identity. Confused or unstable self-image is more commonly associated with borderline personality disorder.