Which of the following is an example of filtering?

A) The manager confused her secretary.
B) Bob didn't tell his employees about their impending layoffs.
C) Sarah misunderstood her boss's memo.
D) Ralph sent an email directly to the vice president to explain the sudden decrease in sales.
E) All of the above

Filtering refers to the deliberate manipulation or withholding of information to manage a person's reactions. In choice B, Bob's action of not telling his employees about their impending layoffs is an example of filtering because he is withholding information, likely to manage their reactions or to control the situation.