Which of the following is a threat to internal validity?

A) ecological isomorphism
B) spurious relationships
C) sample sizes
D) chi-square

Spurious Relationships

Apparent associations between two variables that are not causally related but may be due to a third, unaccounted-for variable.

Internal Validity

Relates to experimental design. A study has internal validity when a cause-and-effect relationship between variables is clearly demonstrable and observed changes can be attributed to a defined causal variable and not to any other possible variables.