Which of the following does NOT help define foliation in metamorphic rocks?

A) a dominant orientation of crystals, such as mica
B) light- and dark-colored bands
C) flattened shapes of deformed objects, such as pebbles
D) crystals that grow in a random orientation
E) all of these

Foliation in metamorphic rocks is defined by features such as a dominant orientation of platy minerals (like mica), the presence of light- and dark-colored bands, and the flattened shapes of deformed objects. Crystals that grow in a random orientation do not contribute to foliation, as foliation implies some degree of alignment or layering.