When was the era of dual federalism?

A) from the Founding until the end of the Civil War
B) from the Founding until the New Deal
C) from the Civil War until World War II
D) from the New Deal until the 1960s

Dual federalism was the dominant approach to American federalism from the Founding until the New Deal, roughly 1789-1932. This era is characterized by a clear division of power between the federal government and the states, with each level of government exercising authority in its own sphere of influence. Under dual federalism, the federal government was responsible for national defense, foreign policy, interstate commerce, and a few other key areas, while state governments retained broad authority over areas like criminal law, property law, and education. The New Deal marked a turning point in American federalism, as the federal government assumed a greater role in regulating the economy and providing public assistance, leading to a more collaborative and interdependent relationship between the federal and state governments.