What statements best describe the association between smoking and pulmonary infections? Select all that apply.

A) Smoking interferes with respiratory functions, including the ability to move the chest, cough, and sneeze.
B) Smoking increases alveolar elasticity, leading to overproduction of mucus that leads to pulmonary infections.
C) Smoking decreases movement of the cilia in the lower airways, creating a favorable environment for bacterial growth.
D) Nonsmokers chronically exposed to secondhand smoke have minimal risk for pulmonary infections.

Smoking is a major risk factor for pulmonary infections.Smoking interferes with normal respiratory functioning,including the ability to move the chest,cough,sneeze,or have full air exchange.Smoking reduces alveolar elasticity; this interferes with oxygen exchange and reduces the lungs' effectiveness in clearing mucus,leading to pulmonary infections.Chemicals in tobacco paralyze cilia; thus,secretions pool in the lower airways,creating a hospitable environment for bacterial growth.Although tobacco users are most profoundly affected by these changes,people chronically exposed (bartenders,children of smokers)are also affected by these changes and are at increased risk for infection.