What is the proper measure of fertility for projecting future population change? 

A)  the total fertility rate 
B)  replacement-level fertility 
C)  the birth rate 
D)  the one-year future fertility level

The total fertility rate (TFR) is the most commonly used measure of fertility for projecting future population change. It is the average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime if she were to experience the exact current age-specific fertility rates throughout her reproductive years. The TFR reflects both the quantity and timing of childbearing and provides an approximation of the number of children needed to maintain a stable population size in the absence of migration. Replacement-level fertility (B) is the TFR that results in a stable population size in the absence of migration, while the birth rate (C) measures the number of births per 1,000 individuals in a population in a given year. The one-year future fertility level (D) is not a commonly used measure of fertility and is not appropriate for projecting future population change.