What is a possible way to decrease permeability?

A) seal fractures with clays and other minerals
B) fill pores between grains with clays and other fine-grained materials
C) fill pores with natural cement
D) all of these
E) none of these

All of the options listed (sealing fractures with clays and other minerals, filling pores between grains with clays and other fine-grained materials, and filling pores with natural cement) are methods that can decrease the permeability of a rock or soil by blocking or reducing the pathways through which fluids can move.