Using beliefs to assess evidence,rather than using evidence to draw conclusions,is referred to as

A) the framing effect.
B) motivated reasoning.
C) belief perseverance.
D) the availability heuristic.

Motivated reasoning refers to the tendency to use beliefs, values, and emotions to evaluate evidence and draw conclusions. This can lead to biased or selective processing of information, and may result in individuals clinging to their initial beliefs even in the face of contradictory evidence. The framing effect refers to how the presentation of information can influence perceptions and decisions, belief perseverance refers to the tendency to maintain beliefs even in the face of disconfirming evidence, and the availability heuristic is a mental shortcut whereby judgments are made based on easily retrievable information.