Those things that confuse test and survey results and research findings serve as a:

A) Threat to external validity
B) Threat to internal validity
C) Threat to external reliability
D) Threat to internal reliability

Threats to internal validity refer to factors within a study that can lead to incorrect conclusions about the causal relationship between variables. These threats can confuse or confound the results, making it difficult to determine if changes in the dependent variable are truly due to the independent variable or some other factor.