The theory of "leadership substitutes" argues that

A) in some cases,leadership is unnecessary and/or unlikely.
B) the need for a leader is influenced only by members' basic needs.
C) groups should be organized so that leaders are unnecessary.
D) groups work best when each member substitutes as the leader.

The theory of "leadership substitutes" argues that in some cases, leadership is unnecessary and/or unlikely because the task or environment may provide sufficient guidance or incentives to motivate and direct the group without the need for a formal leader. Essentially, leadership substitutes are factors that reduce or eliminate the need for a leader to influence or control the group's behavior. Thus, choices B, C, and D are incorrect because they either oversimplify or contradict the theory of leadership substitutes.