The process of coping with uncertainty by formulating future courses of action to achieve specified results refers to

A) PERT.
B) planning.
C) pareto analysis.
D) the project life cycle.
E) controlling.

Planning involves formulating future courses of action to achieve specified results, which is a way to cope with uncertainty. PERT is a specific planning technique that helps to manage projects by breaking down activities and estimating their duration and dependencies. Pareto analysis is a tool for identifying and prioritizing problems based on their relative importance or frequency. The project life cycle is a framework for managing projects from initiation to closure. Controlling refers to the process of monitoring project performance and taking corrective actions if necessary, which is related to planning but not the best answer for coping with uncertainty.