The institutions that formulate and carry out a country's laws and public policies are called:

A) forms of authority
B) civil society
C) coercive institutions
D) the state
E) formal organizations

The institutions that formulate and carry out a country's laws and public policies are commonly referred to as "the state." This includes branches such as the executive, legislative, and judicial branches, as well as agencies and departments that enforce laws and regulation. The state is responsible for maintaining order, providing public goods and services, and protecting citizen rights within a given territory.