The Hawthorne studies shifted the attention of managers and scholars away from the technical and structural concerns emphasized by the classical management approach toward the study of social and human concerns as keys to productivity.

Hawthorne Studies

A series of studies conducted in the early 20th century that examined how different work conditions affected employee productivity and concluded that workers were more motivated by attention and social factors than physical conditions.

Classical Management

A theory of management that emphasizes structured organization, hierarchy, and clear, defined roles and duties to enhance efficiency.

Productivity

The efficiency at which goods and services are produced, often measured by the output per unit of input.