The backward-bending labor supply curve includes each of these variables except

A) the income effect.
B) the substitution effect.
C) the savings effect.

Backward-Bending

Describes a labor supply curve reflecting a situation where higher wages lead to a decrease in labor supplied because individuals opt for leisure over work.

Labor Supply Curve

A graphical representation showing the relationship between the different levels of wages and the quantity of labor workers are willing to supply.

Income Effect

A person’s willingness to give up some income in exchange for more leisure time.