The ability to "bounce back," recover one's self-confidence, good spirits, and hopeful attitude after extreme and prolonged stress is called ________.

A) self-efficacy
B) hardiness
C) reactivity
D) resilience

Resilience refers to the ability to cope and bounce back from difficult situations or adversity. It involves the ability to maintain a positive outlook, self-confidence, and a sense of hopefulness despite experiencing prolonged and extreme stress. Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief in their own abilities to achieve goals and succeed in specific situations. Hardiness is a personality trait characterized by a sense of control, commitment, and an attitude of challenge in the face of stress. Reactivity refers to the tendency to react strongly and emotionally to environmental stimuli.