Select the best desired outcome for a patient who uses valerian. The patient will report

A) stress level is lower.
B) undisturbed sleep throughout the night.
C) increased interest in recreational activities.
D) early morning waking without an alarm clock.

Valerian decreases sleep latency, nocturnal waking, and leads to a subjective sense of good sleep. Sleeping through the night is the best indicator the herb was effective. Although the patient's stress level may be lowered by use of valerian, the problem is insomnia; outcomes should relate to the problem. Early morning waking is indicative of depression or anxiety.