Proponents of behavior modification have suggested that institutionalized patients can be weaned from ________ by shifting them to other rewards common to life outside an institution.

A) transference
B) a token economy
C) the therapeutic alliance
D) free association

The concept of a token economy refers to a reward system in which desired behaviors are reinforced with tokens or other secondary reinforcers that can be exchanged for tangible rewards. This approach has been used in institutional settings, and proponents of behavior modification have suggested that patients can be weaned off of the tokens by gradually shifting them to other rewards that are more common in everyday life outside of an institution. Other options listed, such as transference, the therapeutic alliance, and free association, are not directly related to the concept of a token economy or the use of behavior modification techniques in institutional settings.