Primary succession may be seen:

A) on new lava or on sand dunes.
B) after a fire.
C) when farmland is abandoned.
D) only in tropical rain forests.
E) in any community that has periodic disturbances.

Primary Succession

Primary succession is an ecological process of community development that occurs in an environment previously uninhabited by living organisms, starting from bare rock or barren soil.

Lava

The molten rock expelled by a volcano during an eruption, which solidifies as it cools to form igneous rock.

Sand Dunes

Natural formations of sand accumulated by wind or water flow, often found in deserts and coastal regions.