Physiological arousal, labelling the arousal and evaluating the consequences of acting before helping are aspects of:

A) the bystander-calculus model.
B) the affect-cost model.
C) an evolutionary model.
D) the diffusion of responsibility model.

Physiological Arousal

Refers to the physical responses of the body to stimuli, which may include increased heart rate, sweating, or heightened senses, often associated with emotions and stress.

Bystander-Calculus Model

A psychological framework explaining why individuals decide to intervene or not in emergency situations, based on personal cost-benefit analyses.

Affect-Cost Model

A theoretical framework explaining how emotions influence decision-making, particularly the evaluation of costs and benefits in social interactions.