Organizations should be considered ____ systems.

A) open
B) specialized
C) closed
D) functional
E) independent

Organizations are open systems as they interact with their environment and depend on external resources and inputs to function effectively. They also influence the environment through their outputs and have the ability to adapt to changes in the environment. Closed systems, on the other hand, do not interact with their environment and have no external inputs or outputs. Specialized, functional, and independent are not accurate descriptions of organizations as they do not fully capture the complexity and interdependence of organizational systems.