​Of these medical and psychological interventions for managing chronic pain, __________ is/are probably the most effective.

A) ​surgery
B) ​opiate drugs
C) ​biofeedback
D) ​cognitive behavioral therapy

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is considered one of the most effective interventions for managing chronic pain because it addresses the underlying psychological factors that contribute to the experience of chronic pain, such as negative thoughts and behaviors. Unlike surgery and opiate drugs, CBT has no risk of side effects and can lead to long-term improvements in pain management. Biofeedback can also be helpful for managing chronic pain by teaching individuals to regulate their physiological responses, but it is typically used in conjunction with other interventions like CBT.