Obesity is associated with higher risk for which of the following conditions that affect the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems? Select all that apply.

A) Reduced alveolar-capillary gas exchange
B) Lower respiratory tract infections
C) Sleep apnea
D) Hypertension

Obesity causes multiple health problems,many of which affect the lungs,heart,and circulation.Large abdominal fat stores press upward on the diaphragm,preventing full chest expansion and leading to hypoventilation and dyspnea on exertion.The risk for respiratory infection increases because lower lung segments are poorly ventilated,and secretions are not removed effectively.When an obese person lies down,chest expansion is limited even more.Excess neck girth and fat stores in the upper airway often lead to obstructive sleep apnea.Obesity also increases the risk of developing atherosclerosis and hypertension.Obesity does not cause reduced alveolar-capillary gas exchange.