Mikulincer, based on his study of the conditions under which learned helplessness or reactance occurs, has found that:

A) only reactance occurs
B) only learned helplessness occurs
C) neither reactance nor learned helplessness occurred under the conditions he studied
D) both reactance and learned helplessness occurred depending upon conditions

Mikulincer found that both reactance and learned helplessness can occur depending upon the conditions. For example, if individuals feel like they have some control over their situation, they are less likely to experience learned helplessness. On the other hand, if individuals feel like their freedom is threatened, they are more likely to experience reactance.