John studies very hard to avoid getting bad grades. For John, studying is maintained by __________

A) incentive.
B) intrinsic motivation.
C) extrinsic motivation.
D) biological motives.

Extrinsic Motivation

Motivation driven by external rewards such as money, fame, grades, or praise, rather than by intrinsic satisfaction in the activity itself.

Intrinsic Motivation

The drive to engage in activities for their own sake, deriving pleasure and satisfaction from the activity itself rather than external rewards.

Biological Motives

Innate drives stemming from biological needs that are essential for survival, such as hunger, thirst, and the need for sleep.