________ is a cost or benefit resulting from some activity or transaction that is imposed or bestowed on parties outside the activity or transaction.

A) An externality
B) Marginality
C) Utility
D) A provisional injunction

Externality

An economic side effect of a good or service that generates benefits or costs to someone other than the person deciding how much to produce or consume.

Activity

Any action or task undertaken by individuals or groups, often resulting in production or consumption of goods or services.