In earlier times, leadership followed an empowering, participatory model rather than an autocratic, hierarchical model.

Autocratic, Hierarchical Model

The autocratic, hierarchical model describes an organizational structure where decisions are made by a single leader or a small group of leaders at the top, with strict control over subordinates.

Empowering, Participatory Model

a leadership approach that involves engaging team members in decision-making processes, thereby enabling them to contribute their ideas and take active roles in the organization.